Contents

Publications

To support open science we endeavor to make preprints, code, and data publicly available as much as possible. PDF links lead to self-archived pre/postprints and associated copyright information (if applicable), and DOI links lead to publisher archives.

Journal Articles

  1. Alvarez, E. J., and Ning, A., “Meshless Large Eddy Simulation of Propeller-Wing Interactions with Reformulated Vortex Particle Method,” Journal of Aircraft, Dec. 2023. doi:10.2514/1.C037279 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Alvarez2023b,
      author = {Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.2514/1.C037279},
      journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
      month = dec,
      title = {Meshless Large Eddy Simulation of Propeller-Wing Interactions with Reformulated Vortex Particle Method},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  2. Alvarez, E. J., and Ning, A., “Stable Vortex Particle Method Formulation for Meshless Large-Eddy Simulation,” AIAA Journal, Nov. 2023. doi:10.2514/1.J063045 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Alvarez2023a,
      author = {Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.2514/1.J063045},
      journal = {{AIAA} Journal},
      month = nov,
      title = {Stable Vortex Particle Method Formulation for Meshless Large-Eddy Simulation},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  3. Ning, A., and McDonnell, T., “Automating Steady and Unsteady Adjoints: Efficiently Utilizing Implicit and Algorithmic Differentiation,” Jun. 2023, (in review). [BibTeX] [PDF]
    @article{Ning2023,
      author = {Ning, Andrew and McDonnell, Taylor},
      month = jun,
      note = {(in review)},
      title = {Automating Steady and Unsteady Adjoints: Efficiently Utilizing Implicit and Algorithmic Differentiation},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  4. Caprace, D.-G., and Ning, A., “Large Eddy Simulation of Three Urban Air Mobility Vehicles for Wake Analysis and Modeling,” Journal of the American Helicopter Society, May 2023. doi:10.4050/JAHS.68.042002 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Caprace2023,
      author = {Caprace, Denis-Gabriel and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.4050/JAHS.68.042002},
      journal = {Journal of the American Helicopter Society},
      month = may,
      title = {Large Eddy Simulation of Three Urban Air Mobility Vehicles for Wake Analysis and Modeling},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  5. Thomas, J. J., Baker, N. F., Malisani, P., Quaeghebeur, E., Perez-Moreno, S. S., Jasa, J., Bay, C., Tilli, F., Bieniek, D., Robinson, N., Stanley, A. P. J., Holt, W., and Ning, A., “A Comparison of Eight Optimization Methods Applied to a Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem,” Wind Energy Science, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 865–891, Apr. 2023. doi:10.5194/wes-8-865-2023 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Thomas2023,
      author = {Thomas, Jared J. and Baker, Nicholas F. and Malisani, Paul and Quaeghebeur, Erik and Perez-Moreno, Sebastian Sanchez and Jasa, John and Bay, Christopher and Tilli, Federico and Bieniek, David and Robinson, Nick and Stanley, Andrew P. J. and Holt, Wesley and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.5194/wes-8-865-2023},
      journal = {Wind Energy Science},
      month = apr,
      number = {5},
      pages = {865--891},
      title = {A Comparison of Eight Optimization Methods Applied to a Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem},
      volume = {8},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  6. McDonnell, T., and Ning, A., “Geometrically Exact Beam Theory for Gradient-Based Optimization,” Feb. 2023, (in review). [BibTeX]
    @article{McDonnell2023,
      author = {McDonnell, Taylor and Ning, Andrew},
      month = feb,
      note = {(in review)},
      title = {Geometrically Exact Beam Theory for Gradient-Based Optimization},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  7. McDonnell, T., and Ning, A., “Reliable Mode Tracking for Gradient-Based Optimization with Dynamic Stability Constraints,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 505–509, Jan. 2023. doi:10.2514/1.J061719 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{McDonnell2022a,
      author = {McDonnell, Taylor and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.2514/1.J061719},
      journal = {{AIAA} Journal},
      month = jan,
      number = {1},
      pages = {505-509},
      title = {Reliable Mode Tracking for Gradient-Based Optimization with Dynamic Stability Constraints},
      volume = {61},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  8. Mangano, M., He, S., Liao, Y., Caprace, D.-G., Ning, A., and Martins, J. R. R. A., “Aeroelastic Tailoring of Wind Turbine Rotors Using High-Fidelity Multidisciplinary Design Optimization,” Wind Energy Science, Jan. 2023, (in review). doi:10.5194/wes-2023-10 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Mangano2023,
      author = {Mangano, Marco and He, Sicheng and Liao, Yingqian and Caprace, Denis-Gabriel and Ning, Andrew and Martins, Joaquim R. R. A.},
      doi = {10.5194/wes-2023-10},
      journal = {Wind Energy Science},
      month = jan,
      note = {(in review)},
      title = {Aeroelastic Tailoring of Wind Turbine Rotors Using High-Fidelity Multidisciplinary Design Optimization},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  9. Caprace, D.-G., Ning, A., Chatelain, P., and Winckelmans, G., “Effects of rotor-airframe interaction on the aeromechanics and wake of a quadcopter in forward flight,” Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 130, No. 107899, Nov. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.ast.2022.107899 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Caprace2022b,
      author = {Caprace, Denis-Gabriel and Ning, Andrew and Chatelain, Philippe and Winckelmans, Gr\'{e}goire},
      doi = {10.1016/j.ast.2022.107899},
      journal = {Aerospace Science and Technology},
      month = nov,
      number = {107899},
      title = {Effects of rotor-airframe interaction on the aeromechanics and wake of a quadcopter in forward flight},
      volume = {130},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  10. Opdahl, H. B., Jensen, D. W., and Ning, A., “Implementing Optimization Methods in the Design of IsoTruss Structures in Uniaxial Compression,” Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 5, p. 04022062, Sep. 2022. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001425 [BibTeX] [DOI]
    @article{Opdahl2022,
      author = {Opdahl, Hanna B. and Jensen, David W. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001425},
      journal = {Journal of Aerospace Engineering},
      month = sep,
      number = {5},
      pages = {04022062},
      title = {Implementing Optimization Methods in the Design of IsoTruss Structures in Uniaxial Compression},
      volume = {35},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  11. McDonnell, T., and Ning, A., “GXBeam: A Pure Julia Implementation of Geometrically Exact Beam Theory,” Journal of Open Source Software, Vol. 7, No. 73, p. 3997, May 2022. doi:10.21105/joss.03997 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{McDonnell2022b,
      author = {McDonnell, Taylor and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.21105/joss.03997},
      journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
      month = may,
      number = {73},
      pages = {3997},
      title = {GXBeam: A Pure Julia Implementation of Geometrically Exact Beam Theory},
      volume = {7},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  12. Thomas, J. J., McOmber, S., and Ning, A., “Wake Expansion Continuation: Multi-Modality Reduction in the Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem,” Wind Energy, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 678–699, Apr. 2022. doi:10.1002/we.2692 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Thomas2021,
      author = {Thomas, Jared J. and McOmber, Spencer and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1002/we.2692},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = apr,
      number = {4},
      pages = {678--699},
      title = {Wake Expansion Continuation: Multi-Modality Reduction in the Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem},
      volume = {25},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  13. Mehr, J., Alvarez, E. J., and Ning, A., “Interactional Aerodynamics Analysis of a Multi-Rotor Energy Kite,” Wind Energy, Apr. 2022, (in review). [BibTeX]
    @article{Mehr2022,
      author = {Mehr, Judd and Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Ning, Andrew},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = apr,
      note = {(in review)},
      title = {Interactional Aerodynamics Analysis of a Multi-Rotor Energy Kite},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  14. Stanley, A. P. J., King, J., Bay, C., and Ning, A., “A Model to Calculate Fatigue Damage Caused by Partial Waking during Wind Farm Optimization,” Wind Energy Science, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 433–454, Mar. 2022. doi:10.5194/wes-7-433-2022 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Stanley2020a,
      author = {Stanley, Andrew P.J. and King, Jennifer and Bay, Christopher and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.5194/wes-7-433-2022},
      journal = {Wind Energy Science},
      month = mar,
      number = {1},
      pages = {433--454},
      title = {A Model to Calculate Fatigue Damage Caused by Partial Waking during Wind Farm Optimization},
      volume = {7},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  15. Thomas, J. J., Bay, C. J., Stanley, A. P. J., and Ning, A., “Gradient-Based Wind Farm Layout Optimization Results Compared with Large-Eddy Simulations,” Wind Energy Science, Jan. 2022, (in review). doi:10.5194/wes-2022-4 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Thomas2022,
      author = {Thomas, Jared J. and Bay, Christopher J. and Stanley, Andrew P. J. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.5194/wes-2022-4},
      journal = {Wind Energy Science},
      month = jan,
      note = {(in review)},
      title = {Gradient-Based Wind Farm Layout Optimization Results Compared with Large-Eddy Simulations},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  16. Gagakuma, B., Stanley, A. P. J., and Ning, A., “Reducing Wind Farm Power Variance from Wind Direction using Wind Farm Layout Optimization,” Wind Engineering, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 1517–1530, Dec. 2021. doi:10.1177/0309524X20988288 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Gagakuma2021,
      author = {Gagakuma, Bertelsen and Stanley, Andrew P. J. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1177/0309524X20988288},
      journal = {Wind Engineering},
      month = dec,
      number = {6},
      pages = {1517-1530},
      title = {Reducing Wind Farm Power Variance from Wind Direction using Wind Farm Layout Optimization},
      volume = {45},
      year = {2021}
    }
    
  17. Ning, A., “Using Blade Element Momentum Methods with Gradient-Based Design Optimization,” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 994–1014, May 2021. doi:10.1007/s00158-021-02883-6 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Ning2020,
      author = {Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1007/s00158-021-02883-6},
      journal = {Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization},
      month = may,
      number = {2},
      pages = {994-1014},
      title = {Using Blade Element Momentum Methods with Gradient-Based Design Optimization},
      volume = {64},
      year = {2021}
    }
    
  18. McDonnell, T., and Ning, A., “Gradient-Based Optimization of Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long-Endurance Aircraft,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 1003–1013, Nov. 2020. doi:10.2514/1.C035566 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{McDonnell2019,
      author = {McDonnell, Taylor and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.2514/1.C035566},
      journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
      month = nov,
      number = {6},
      pages = {1003--1013},
      title = {Gradient-Based Optimization of Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long-Endurance Aircraft},
      volume = {57},
      year = {2020}
    }
    
  19. Alvarez, E. J., and Ning, A., “High-Fidelity Modeling of Multirotor Aerodynamic Interactions for Aircraft Design,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 58, No. 10, pp. 4385–4400, Oct. 2020. doi:10.2514/1.J059178 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Alvarez2020,
      author = {Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.2514/1.J059178},
      journal = {{AIAA} Journal},
      month = oct,
      number = {10},
      pages = {4385-4400},
      title = {{High-Fidelity} Modeling of Multirotor Aerodynamic Interactions for Aircraft Design},
      volume = {58},
      year = {2020}
    }
    
  20. Ingersoll, B., and Ning, A., “Efficient Incorporation of Fatigue Damage Constraints in Wind Turbine Blade Optimization,” Wind Energy, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 1063–1076, Apr. 2020. doi:10.1002/we.2473 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Ingersoll2019,
      author = {Ingersoll, Bryce and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1002/we.2473},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = apr,
      number = {4},
      pages = {1063-1076},
      title = {Efficient Incorporation of Fatigue Damage Constraints in Wind Turbine Blade Optimization},
      volume = {23},
      year = {2020}
    }
    
  21. Stanley, A. P. J., and Ning, A., “Massive Simplification of the Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem,” Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 663–676, Dec. 2019. doi:10.5194/wes-4-663-2019 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Stanley2020,
      author = {Stanley, Andrew P. J. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.5194/wes-4-663-2019},
      journal = {Wind Energy Science},
      month = dec,
      number = {4},
      pages = {663--676},
      title = {Massive Simplification of the Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem},
      volume = {4},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  22. Moore, K., and Ning, A., “Takeoff and Performance Tradeoffs of Retrofit Distributed Electric Propulsion for Urban Transport,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 1880–1892, Sep. 2019. doi:10.2514/1.C035321 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Moore2019,
      author = {Moore, Kevin and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.2514/1.C035321},
      journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
      month = sep,
      number = {5},
      pages = {1880-1892},
      title = {Takeoff and Performance Tradeoffs of Retrofit Distributed Electric Propulsion for Urban Transport},
      volume = {56},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  23. Tingey, E., and Ning, A., “Development of a Parameterized Reduced-Order Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Wake Model,” Wind Engineering, Jun. 2019. doi:10.1177/0309524X19849864 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Tingey2019,
      author = {Tingey, Eric and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1177/0309524X19849864},
      journal = {Wind Engineering},
      month = jun,
      title = {Development of a Parameterized Reduced-Order Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Wake Model},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  24. Padrón, A. S., Thomas, J., Stanley, A. P. J., Alonso, J. J., and Ning, A., “Polynomial Chaos to Efficiently Compute the Annual Energy Production in Wind Farm Layout Optimization,” Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, pp. 211–231, May 2019. doi:10.5194/wes-4-211-2019 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Padron2019,
      author = {Padr\'{o}n, A. Santiago and Thomas, Jared and Stanley, Andrew P. J. and Alonso, Juan J. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.5194/wes-4-211-2019},
      journal = {Wind Energy Science},
      month = may,
      pages = {211-231},
      title = {Polynomial Chaos to Efficiently Compute the Annual Energy Production in Wind Farm Layout Optimization},
      volume = {4},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  25. Stanley, A. P. J., Ning, A., and Dykes, K., “Optimization of Turbine Design in Wind Farms with Multiple Hub Heights, Using Exact Analytic Gradients and Structural Constraints,” Wind Energy, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 605–619, May 2019. doi:10.1002/we.2310 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Stanley2017c,
      author = {Stanley, Andrew P. J. and Ning, Andrew and Dykes, Katherine},
      doi = {10.1002/we.2310},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = may,
      number = {5},
      pages = {605--619},
      title = {Optimization of Turbine Design in Wind Farms with Multiple Hub Heights, Using Exact Analytic Gradients and Structural Constraints},
      volume = {22},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  26. Martin, R. A., Gates, N. S., Ning, A., and Hedengren, J. D., “Dynamic Optimization of High-Altitude Solar Aircraft Trajectories Under Station-Keeping Constraints,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 538–552, Mar. 2019. doi:10.2514/1.G003737 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Martin2018,
      author = {Martin, R. Abraham and Gates, Nathaniel S. and Ning, Andrew and Hedengren, John D.},
      doi = {10.2514/1.G003737},
      journal = {Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics},
      month = mar,
      number = {3},
      pages = {538-552},
      title = {Dynamic Optimization of High-Altitude Solar Aircraft Trajectories Under Station-Keeping Constraints},
      volume = {42},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  27. Stanley, A. P. J., and Ning, A., “Coupled Wind Turbine Design and Layout Optimization with Non-Homogeneous Wind Turbines,” Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 99–114, Jan. 2019. doi:10.5194/wes-4-99-2019 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Stanley2018a,
      author = {Stanley, Andrew P.J. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.5194/wes-4-99-2019},
      journal = {Wind Energy Science},
      month = jan,
      number = {1},
      pages = {99-114},
      title = {Coupled Wind Turbine Design and Layout Optimization with Non-Homogeneous Wind Turbines},
      volume = {4},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  28. Barrett, R., and Ning, A., “Integrated Free-Form Method for Aerostructural Optimization of Wind Turbine Blades,” Wind Energy, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 663–675, Aug. 2018. doi:10.1002/we.2186 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Barrett2018,
      author = {Barrett, Ryan and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1002/we.2186},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = aug,
      number = {8},
      pages = {663--675},
      title = {Integrated Free-Form Method for Aerostructural Optimization of Wind Turbine Blades},
      volume = {21},
      year = {2018}
    }
    
  29. Tingey, E., and Ning, A., “Trading off Sound Pressure Level and Average Power Production for Wind Farm Layout Optimization,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 114, No. B, pp. 547–555, Dec. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.057 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Tingey2017,
      author = {Tingey, Eric and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.057},
      journal = {Renewable Energy},
      month = dec,
      number = {B},
      pages = {547-555},
      title = {Trading off Sound Pressure Level and Average Power Production for Wind Farm Layout Optimization},
      volume = {114},
      year = {2017}
    }
    
  30. Thomas, J., Gebraad, P., and Ning, A., “Improving the FLORIS Wind Plant Model for Compatibility with Gradient-Based Optimization,” Wind Engineering, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 313–329, Aug. 2017. doi:10.1177/0309524X17722000 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Thomas2017,
      author = {Thomas, Jared and Gebraad, Pieter and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1177/0309524X17722000},
      journal = {Wind Engineering},
      month = aug,
      number = {5},
      pages = {313-329},
      title = {Improving the {FLORIS} Wind Plant Model for Compatibility with Gradient-Based Optimization},
      volume = {41},
      year = {2017}
    }
    
  31. Damiani, R., Ning, A., Maples, B., Smith, A., and Dykes, K., “Scenario Analysis for Techno-Economic Model Development of U.S. Offshore Wind Support Structures,” Wind Energy, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 731–747, Apr. 2017. doi:10.1002/we.2021 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Damiani2016,
      author = {Damiani, Rick and Ning, Andrew and Maples, Ben and Smith, Aaron and Dykes, Katherine},
      doi = {10.1002/we.2021},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = apr,
      number = {4},
      pages = {731--747},
      title = {Scenario Analysis for Techno-Economic Model Development of U.S. Offshore Wind Support Structures},
      volume = {20},
      year = {2017}
    }
    
  32. Gebraad, P., Thomas, J. J., Ning, A., Fleming, P., and Dykes, K., “Maximization of the Annual Energy Production of Wind Power Plants by Optimization of Layout and Yaw-Based Wake Control,” Wind Energy, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 97–107, Jan. 2017. doi:10.1002/we.1993 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Gebraad2017,
      author = {Gebraad, Pieter and Thomas, Jared J. and Ning, Andrew and Fleming, Paul and Dykes, Katherine},
      doi = {10.1002/we.1993},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = jan,
      number = {1},
      pages = {97--107},
      title = {Maximization of the Annual Energy Production of Wind Power Plants by Optimization of Layout and Yaw-Based Wake Control},
      volume = {20},
      year = {2017}
    }
    
  33. Ning, A., and Petch, D., “Integrated Design of Downwind Land-Based Wind Turbines Using Analytic Gradients,” Wind Energy, Vol. 19, No. 12, pp. 2137–2152, Dec. 2016. doi:10.1002/we.1972 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Ning2016a,
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Petch, Derek},
      doi = {10.1002/we.1972},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = dec,
      number = {12},
      pages = {2137--2152},
      title = {Integrated Design of Downwind Land-Based Wind Turbines Using Analytic Gradients},
      volume = {19},
      year = {2016}
    }
    
  34. Ning, A., “Actuator Cylinder Theory for Multiple Vertical Axis Wind Turbines,” Wind Energy Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 327–340, Dec. 2016. doi:10.5194/wes-1-327-2016 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code] [Data]
    @article{Ning2016,
      author = {Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.5194/wes-1-327-2016},
      journal = {Wind Energy Science},
      month = dec,
      number = {2},
      pages = {327--340},
      title = {Actuator Cylinder Theory for Multiple Vertical Axis Wind Turbines},
      volume = {1},
      year = {2016}
    }
    
  35. Barrett, R., and Ning, A., “Comparison of Airfoil Precomputational Analysis Methods for Optimization of Wind Turbine Blades,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 1081–1088, Jul. 2016. doi:10.1109/TSTE.2016.2522381 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code] [Data]
    @article{Barrett2016,
      author = {Barrett, Ryan and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1109/TSTE.2016.2522381},
      journal = {IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy},
      month = jul,
      number = {3},
      pages = {1081--1088},
      title = {Comparison of Airfoil Precomputational Analysis Methods for Optimization of Wind Turbine Blades},
      volume = {7},
      year = {2016}
    }
    
  36. Fleming, P., Ning, A., Gebraad, P., and Dykes, K., “Wind Plant System Engineering through Optimization of Layout and Yaw Control,” Wind Energy, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 329–344, Feb. 2016. doi:10.1002/we.1836 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Fleming2016,
      author = {Fleming, Paul and Ning, Andrew and Gebraad, Pieter and Dykes, Katherine},
      doi = {10.1002/we.1836},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = feb,
      number = {2},
      pages = {329--344},
      title = {Wind Plant System Engineering through Optimization of Layout and Yaw Control},
      volume = {19},
      year = {2016}
    }
    
  37. Ning, A., Damiani, R., and Moriarty, P., “Objectives and Constraints for Wind Turbine Optimization,” Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 136, No. 4, p. 041010, Nov. 2014. doi:10.1115/1.4027693 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Ning2014,
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Damiani, Rick and Moriarty, Patrick},
      doi = {10.1115/1.4027693},
      journal = {Journal of Solar Energy Engineering},
      month = nov,
      number = {4},
      pages = {041010},
      title = {Objectives and Constraints for Wind Turbine Optimization},
      volume = {136},
      year = {2014}
    }
    
  38. Ning, A., “A Simple Solution Method for the Blade Element Momentum Equations with Guaranteed Convergence,” Wind Energy, Vol. 17, No. 9, pp. 1327–1345, Sep. 2014. doi:10.1002/we.1636 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @article{Ning2014b,
      author = {Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1002/we.1636},
      journal = {Wind Energy},
      month = sep,
      number = {9},
      pages = {1327--1345},
      title = {A Simple Solution Method for the Blade Element Momentum Equations with Guaranteed Convergence},
      url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/we.1636},
      volume = {17},
      year = {2014}
    }
    
  39. Ning, A., Kroo, I., Aftosmis, M. J., Nemec, M., and Kless, J. E., “Extended Formation Flight at Transonic Speeds,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 1501–1510, Sep. 2014. doi:10.2514/1.C032385 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Ning2014a,
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Kroo, Ilan and Aftosmis, Michael J. and Nemec, Marian and Kless, James E.},
      doi = {10.2514/1.C032385},
      journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
      month = sep,
      number = {5},
      pages = {1501-1510},
      title = {Extended Formation Flight at Transonic Speeds},
      volume = {51},
      year = {2014}
    }
    
  40. Xu, J., Ning, A., Bower, G., and Kroo, I., “Aircraft Route Optimization for Formation Flight,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 490–501, Mar. 2014. doi:10.2514/1.C032154 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Xu2014a,
      author = {Xu, Jia and Ning, Andrew and Bower, Geoff and Kroo, Ilan},
      doi = {10.2514/1.C032154},
      journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
      month = mar,
      number = {2},
      pages = {490-501},
      title = {Aircraft Route Optimization for Formation Flight},
      volume = {51},
      year = {2014}
    }
    
  41. Kless, J., Aftosmis, M., Ning, A., and Nemec, M., “Inviscid Analysis of Extended Formation Flight,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 51, No. 7, pp. 1703–1715, Jul. 2013. doi:10.2514/1.j052224 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Kless2013a,
      author = {Kless, James and Aftosmis, Michael and Ning, Andrew and Nemec, Marian},
      doi = {10.2514/1.j052224},
      journal = {{AIAA} Journal},
      month = jul,
      number = {7},
      pages = {1703--1715},
      title = {Inviscid Analysis of Extended Formation Flight},
      url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j052224},
      volume = {51},
      year = {2013}
    }
    
  42. Ning, A., Flanzer, T., and Kroo, I., “Aerodynamic Performance of Extended Formation Flight,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 855–865, May 2011. doi:10.2514/1.C031046 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Ning2011,
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Flanzer, Tristan and Kroo, Ilan},
      doi = {10.2514/1.C031046},
      journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
      month = may,
      number = {3},
      pages = {855-865},
      title = {Aerodynamic Performance of Extended Formation Flight},
      volume = {48},
      year = {2011}
    }
    
  43. Ning, A., and Kroo, I., “Multidisciplinary Considerations in the Design of Wings and Wing Tip Devices,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 534–543, Mar. 2010. doi:10.2514/1.41833 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @article{Ning2010,
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Kroo, Ilan},
      doi = {10.2514/1.41833},
      journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
      month = mar,
      number = {2},
      pages = {534--543},
      title = {Multidisciplinary Considerations in the Design of Wings and Wing Tip Devices},
      url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.41833},
      volume = {47},
      year = {2010}
    }
    

Conference Publications

  1. Alvarez, E. J., Joseph, C., and Ning, A., “Vortex Particle Method for Electric Ducted Fan in Non-Axisymmetric Flow,” AIAA Aviation Forum, San Diego, CA, Jun. 2023. doi:10.2514/6.2023-3376 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Alvarez2023,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Joseph, Cibin and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Aviation Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2023-3376},
      month = jun,
      title = {Vortex Particle Method for Electric Ducted Fan in Non-Axisymmetric Flow},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  2. Varela, B. T., and Ning, A., “Sparsity for Gradient-Based Optimization of Wind Farm Layouts,” AIAA SCITECH Forum, National Harbor, MD, Jan. 2023. doi:10.2514/6.2023-1543 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Varela2023,
      address = {National Harbor, MD},
      author = {Varela, Benjamin T. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {AIAA SCITECH Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2023-1543},
      month = jan,
      title = {Sparsity for Gradient-Based Optimization of Wind Farm Layouts},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  3. Anderson, R., Ning, A., Xiang, R., Schie, S. P. C. van, Sperry, M., Sarojini, D., Kamensky, D., and Hwang, J. T., “Aerostructural Predictions Combining FEniCS and a Viscous Vortex Particle Method,” AIAA SCITECH Forum, National Harbor, MD, Jan. 2023. doi:10.2514/6.2023-1193 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Anderson2023a,
      address = {National Harbor, MD},
      author = {Anderson, Ryan and Ning, Andrew and Xiang, Ru and van Schie, Sebastiaan P. C. and Sperry, Mark and Sarojini, Darshan and Kamensky, David and Hwang, John T.},
      booktitle = {AIAA SCITECH Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2023-1193},
      month = jan,
      title = {Aerostructural Predictions Combining FEniCS and a Viscous Vortex Particle Method},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  4. Anderson, R., and Ning, A., “A Coupled Source Panel, Actuator Line, and Viscous Vortex Particle Method in an O(n) Scheme,” AIAA SCITECH Forum, National Harbor, MD, Jan. 2023. doi:10.2514/6.2023-1381 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Anderson2023,
      address = {National Harbor, MD},
      author = {Anderson, Ryan and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {AIAA SCITECH Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2023-1381},
      month = jan,
      title = {A Coupled Source Panel, Actuator Line, and Viscous Vortex Particle Method in an O(n) Scheme},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  5. Critchfield, T., and Ning, A., “Low-fidelity design optimization and parameter sensitivity analysis of tilt-rotor eVTOL electric propulsion systems,” AIAA SCITECH Forum, National Harbor, MD, Jan. 2023. doi:10.2514/6.2023-0325 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Critchfield2023,
      address = {National Harbor, MD},
      author = {Critchfield, Tyler and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA SCITECH} Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2023-0325},
      month = jan,
      title = {Low-fidelity design optimization and parameter sensitivity analysis of tilt-rotor eVTOL electric propulsion systems},
      year = {2023}
    }
    
  6. Alvarez, E. J., Mehr, J., and Ning, A., “FLOWUnsteady: An Interactional Aerodynamics Solver for Multirotor Aircraft and Wind Energy,” AIAA Aviation Forum, Chicago, IL, Jun. 2022. doi:10.2514/6.2022-3218 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @inproceedings{Alvarez2022a,
      address = {Chicago, IL},
      author = {Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Mehr, Judd and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Aviation Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2022-3218},
      month = jun,
      title = {{FLOWUnsteady}: An Interactional Aerodynamics Solver for Multirotor Aircraft and Wind Energy},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  7. Caprace, D.-G., and Ning, A., “Large Eddy Simulation of the Wakes of Three Urban Air Mobility Vehicles,” Vertical Flight Society Annual Forum, Fort Worth, TX, May 2022. [BibTeX] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Caprace2022a,
      address = {Fort Worth, TX},
      author = {Caprace, Denis-Gabriel and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {Vertical Flight Society Annual Forum},
      month = may,
      title = {Large Eddy Simulation of the Wakes of Three Urban Air Mobility Vehicles},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  8. Caprace, D.-G., Cardoza, A., Ning, A., Mangano, M., He, S., and Martins, J. R. R. A., “Incorporating High-Fidelity Aerostructural Analyses in Wind Turbine Rotor Optimization,” AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2022. doi:10.2514/6.2022-1290 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Caprace2022,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {Caprace, Denis-Gabriel and Cardoza, Adam and Ning, Andrew and Mangano, Marco and He, Sicheng and Martins, Joaquim R. R. A.},
      booktitle = {{AIAA SCITECH} 2022 Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2022-1290},
      month = jan,
      title = {Incorporating High-Fidelity Aerostructural Analyses in Wind Turbine Rotor Optimization},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  9. McDonnell, T., Cardoza, A., Caprace, D.-G., and Ning, A., “A General Coupling Methodology for Unsteady Aerostructural Optimization with Analytic Derivatives,” AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2022. doi:10.2514/6.2022-1291 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{McDonnell2022,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {McDonnell, Taylor and Cardoza, Adam and Caprace, Denis-Gabriel and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA SCITECH} 2022 Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2022-1291},
      month = jan,
      title = {A General Coupling Methodology for Unsteady Aerostructural Optimization with Analytic Derivatives},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  10. McDonnell, T., and Ning, A., “Reliable Mode Tracking in Gradient-Based Optimization Frameworks with Flutter Constraints,” AIAA Aviation Forum, Jun. 2021. doi:10.2514/6.2021-3081 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{McDonnell2021,
      author = {McDonnell, Taylor and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Aviation Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2021-3081},
      month = jun,
      title = {Reliable Mode Tracking in Gradient-Based Optimization Frameworks with Flutter Constraints},
      year = {2021}
    }
    
  11. McWilliam, M. K., Zahle, F., Dykes, K., Bortolotti, P., Ning, A., Gaertner, E., Macquart, T., Merz, K., and Ruiz, A. I., “IEA Wind Energy Task 37 - System Engineering Aerodynamic Optimization Case Study,” AIAA SciTech, Jan. 2021. doi:10.2514/6.2021-1412 [BibTeX] [DOI]
    @inproceedings{McWilliam2021,
      author = {McWilliam, Michael K. and Zahle, Frederik and Dykes, Katherine and Bortolotti, Pietro and Ning, Andrew and Gaertner, Evan and Macquart, Terence and Merz, Karl and Ruiz, Ainara Irisarri},
      booktitle = {{AIAA SciTech}},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2021-1412},
      month = jan,
      title = {IEA Wind Energy Task 37 - System Engineering Aerodynamic Optimization Case Study},
      year = {2021}
    }
    
  12. Anderson, R., Willis, J., Johnson, J., Ning, A., and Beard, R., “A Comparison of Aerodynamic Models for Optimizing the Takeoff and Transition of a Bi-wing Tailsitter,” AIAA SciTech Forum, virtual, Jan. 2021. doi:10.2514/6.2021-1008 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Anderson2021,
      address = {virtual},
      author = {Anderson, Ryan and Willis, Jacob and Johnson, Jacob and Ning, Andrew and Beard, Randal},
      booktitle = {AIAA SciTech Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2021-1008},
      month = jan,
      title = {A Comparison of Aerodynamic Models for Optimizing the Takeoff and Transition of a Bi-wing Tailsitter},
      year = {2021}
    }
    
  13. Cutler, J., Stanley, A. P. J., Thomas, J. J., and Ning, A., “Optimization of Turbine Tilt in a Wind Farm,” AIAA SciTech Forum, virtual, Jan. 2021. doi:10.2514/6.2021-1180 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Cutler2021,
      address = {virtual},
      author = {Cutler, James and Stanley, Andrew P.J. and Thomas, Jared J. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {AIAA SciTech Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2021-1180},
      month = jan,
      title = {Optimization of Turbine Tilt in a Wind Farm},
      year = {2021}
    }
    
  14. Alvarez, E. J., Schenk, A., Critchfield, T., and Ning, A., “Rotor-on-Rotor Aeroacoustic Interactions of Multirotor in Hover,” Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum, Virginia Beach, VA, Oct. 2020. [BibTeX] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Alvarez2020a,
      address = {Virginia Beach, VA},
      author = {Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Schenk, Austin and Critchfield, Tyler and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum},
      month = oct,
      title = {Rotor-on-Rotor Aeroacoustic Interactions of Multirotor in Hover},
      year = {2020}
    }
    
  15. Mehr, J., Alvarez, E. J., and Ning, A., “Unsteady Aerodynamic Analysis of Wind Harvesting Aircraft,” AIAA Aviation Forum, Jun. 2020. doi:10.2514/6.2020-2761 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Mehr2020,
      author = {Mehr, Judd and Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {AIAA Aviation Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2020-2761},
      month = jun,
      title = {Unsteady Aerodynamic Analysis of Wind Harvesting Aircraft},
      year = {2020}
    }
    
  16. Stanley, A. P. J., King, J., and Ning, A., “Wind Farm Layout Optimization with Loads Considerations,” NAWEA/WindTech 2019 Conference, Amherst, MA, Oct. 2019. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012072 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Stanley2019,
      address = {Amherst, MA},
      author = {Stanley, Andrew P. J. and King, Jennifer and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{NAWEA/WindTech} 2019 Conference},
      doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012072},
      month = oct,
      title = {Wind Farm Layout Optimization with Loads Considerations},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  17. McDonnell, T., and Ning, A., “An Examination into the Defining Characteristics of Flexible Solar Aircraft Configurations through Optimization,” AIAA Aviation Forum, Dallas, TX, Jun. 2019. doi:10.2514/6.2019-3456 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{McDonnell2019a,
      address = {Dallas, TX},
      author = {McDonnell, Taylor and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Aviation Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2019-3456},
      month = jun,
      title = {An Examination into the Defining Characteristics of Flexible Solar Aircraft Configurations through Optimization},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  18. Alvarez, E. J., and Ning, A., “Modeling Multirotor Aerodynamic Interactions Through the Vortex Particle Method,” AIAA Aviation Forum, Dallas, TX, Jun. 2019. doi:10.2514/6.2019-2827 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Alvarez2019,
      address = {Dallas, TX},
      author = {Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Aviation Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2019-2827},
      month = jun,
      title = {Modeling Multirotor Aerodynamic Interactions Through the Vortex Particle Method},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  19. Gates, N. S., Moore, K. R., Ning, A., and Hedengren, J. D., “Combined Trajectory, Propulsion, and Battery Mass Optimization for Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aircraft,” AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2019. doi:10.2514/6.2019-1221 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Gates2019,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {Gates, Nathaniel S. and Moore, Kevin R. and Ning, Andrew and Hedengren, John D.},
      booktitle = {AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2019-1221},
      month = jan,
      title = {Combined Trajectory, Propulsion, and Battery Mass Optimization for Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aircraft},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  20. Newcomb, J. E., and Ning, A., “The Effect of Communication and Vehicle Properties on the Search Performance of a Swarm of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2019. doi:10.2514/6.2019-1573 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Newcomb2019,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {Newcomb, Jenna E. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2019-1573},
      month = jan,
      title = {The Effect of Communication and Vehicle Properties on the Search Performance of a Swarm of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  21. Baker, N. F., Stanley, A. P. J., Thomas, J. J., Ning, A., and Dykes, K., “Best Practices for Wake Model and Optimization Algorithm Selection in Wind Farm Layout Optimization,” AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2019. doi:10.2514/6.2019-0540 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Baker2019,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {Baker, Nicholas F. and Stanley, Andrew P. J. and Thomas, Jared J. and Ning, Andrew and Dykes, Katherine},
      booktitle = {AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2019-0540},
      month = jan,
      title = {Best Practices for Wake Model and Optimization Algorithm Selection in Wind Farm Layout Optimization},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  22. Thomas, J. J., Annoni, J., Fleming, P., and Ning, A., “Comparison of Wind Farm Layout Optimization Results Using a Simple Wake Model and Gradient-Based Optimization to Large-Eddy Simulations,” AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2019. doi:10.2514/6.2019-0538 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Thomas2019,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {Thomas, Jared J. and Annoni, Jennifer and Fleming, Paul and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2019-0538},
      month = jan,
      title = {Comparison of Wind Farm Layout Optimization Results Using a Simple Wake Model and Gradient-Based Optimization to Large-Eddy Simulations},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  23. Thomas, J. J., and Ning, A., “A Method for Reducing Multi-Modality in the Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1037, No. 042012, Milano, Italy, The Science of Making Torque from Wind, Jun. 2018. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1037/4/042012 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Thomas2018,
      address = {Milano, Italy},
      author = {Thomas, Jared J. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
      doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1037/4/042012},
      month = jun,
      number = {042012},
      organization = {The Science of Making Torque from Wind},
      title = {A Method for Reducing Multi-Modality in the Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem},
      volume = {1037},
      year = {2018}
    }
    
  24. Rajnarayan, D., Ning, A., and Mehr, J., “Universal Airfoil Parametrization Using B-Splines,” AIAA Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, Atlanta, GA, Jun. 2018. doi:10.2514/6.2018-3949 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Rajnarayan2018,
      address = {Atlanta, GA},
      author = {Rajnarayan, Dev and Ning, Andrew and Mehr, Judd},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2018-3949},
      month = jun,
      title = {Universal Airfoil Parametrization Using B-Splines},
      year = {2018}
    }
    
  25. Alvarez, E. J., and Ning, A., “Development of a Vortex Particle Code for the Modeling of Wake Interaction in Distributed Propulsion,” AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Atlanta, GA, Jun. 2018. doi:10.2514/6.2018-3646 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Alvarez2018,
      address = {Atlanta, GA},
      author = {Alvarez, Eduardo J. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Applied Aerodynamics Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2018-3646},
      month = jun,
      title = {Development of a Vortex Particle Code for the Modeling of Wake Interaction in Distributed Propulsion},
      year = {2018}
    }
    
  26. McDonnell, T., Mehr, J., and Ning, A., “Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Flexible Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long-Endurance Aircraft,” AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Kissimmee, FL, Jan. 2018. doi:10.2514/6.2018-0107 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{McDonnell2018,
      address = {Kissimmee, FL},
      author = {McDonnell, Taylor and Mehr, Judd and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2018-0107},
      month = jan,
      title = {Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Flexible Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long-Endurance Aircraft},
      year = {2018}
    }
    
  27. Moore, K. R., and Ning, A., “Distributed Electric Propulsion Effects on Traditional Aircraft Through Multidisciplinary Optimization,” AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Kissimmee, FL, Jan. 2018. doi:10.2514/6.2018-1652 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Moore2018,
      address = {Kissimmee, FL},
      author = {Moore, Kevin R. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2018-1652},
      month = jan,
      title = {Distributed Electric Propulsion Effects on Traditional Aircraft Through Multidisciplinary Optimization},
      year = {2018}
    }
    
  28. Stanley, A. P. J., Ning, A., and Dykes, K., “Benefits of Two Turbine Rotor Diameters and Hub Heights in the Same Wind Farm,” Wind Energy Symposium, Kissimmee, FL, Jan. 2018. doi:10.2514/6.2018-2016 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Stanley2018,
      address = {Kissimmee, FL},
      author = {Stanley, Andrew PJ and Ning, Andrew and Dykes, Katherine},
      booktitle = {Wind Energy Symposium},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2018-2016},
      month = jan,
      title = {Benefits of Two Turbine Rotor Diameters and Hub Heights in the Same Wind Farm},
      year = {2018}
    }
    
  29. Hwang, J. T., and Ning, A., “Large-Scale Multidisciplinary Optimization of an Electric Aircraft for On-Demand Mobility,” AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Kissimmee, FL, Jan. 2018. doi:10.2514/6.2018-1384 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Hwang2018,
      address = {Kissimmee, FL},
      author = {Hwang, John T. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {{AIAA} Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2018-1384},
      month = jan,
      title = {Large-Scale Multidisciplinary Optimization of an Electric Aircraft for On-Demand Mobility},
      year = {2018}
    }
    
  30. Quick, J., Annoni, J., King, R., Dykes, K., Fleming, P., and Ning, A., “Optimization under Uncertainty for Wake Steering Strategies,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 854, No. 012036, Wake Conference, May 2017. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/854/1/012036 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Quick2017,
      author = {Quick, Julian and Annoni, Jennifer and King, Ryan and Dykes, Katherine and Fleming, Paul and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
      doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/854/1/012036},
      month = may,
      number = {012036},
      organization = {Wake Conference},
      title = {Optimization under Uncertainty for Wake Steering Strategies},
      volume = {854},
      year = {2017}
    }
    
  31. Stanley, A. P. J., Thomas, J., Ning, A., Annoni, J., Dykes, K., and Fleming, P., “Gradient-Based Optimization of Wind Farms with Different Turbine Heights,” Wind Energy Symposium, Grapevine, TX, AIAA, Jan. 2017. doi:10.2514/6.2017-1619 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Stanley2017b,
      address = {Grapevine, TX},
      author = {Stanley, Andrew P.J. and Thomas, Jared and Ning, Andrew and Annoni, Jennifer and Dykes, Katherine and Fleming, Paul},
      booktitle = {Wind Energy Symposium},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2017-1619},
      month = jan,
      publisher = {AIAA},
      title = {Gradient-Based Optimization of Wind Farms with Different Turbine Heights},
      year = {2017}
    }
    
  32. Padrón, S., Stanley, A. P. J., Thomas, J., Alonso, J. J., and Ning, A., “Polynomial Chaos for the Computation of Annual Energy Production in Wind Farm Layout Optimization,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 753, No. 032021, The Science of Making Torque from Wind, Oct. 2016. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032021 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Padron2016,
      author = {Padr\'{o}n, Santiago and Stanley, Andrew P.J. and Thomas, Jared and Alonso, Juan J. and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
      doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032021},
      month = oct,
      number = {032021},
      organization = {The Science of Making Torque from Wind},
      title = {Polynomial Chaos for the Computation of Annual Energy Production in Wind Farm Layout Optimization},
      volume = {753},
      year = {2016}
    }
    
  33. Ingersoll, B., Ingersoll, K., DeFranco, P., and Ning, A., “UAV Path-Planning Using Bézier Curves and a Receding Horizon Approach,” AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, Washington, DC, Jun. 2016. doi:10.2514/6.2016-3675 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code]
    @inproceedings{Ingersoll2016,
      address = {Washington, DC},
      author = {Ingersoll, Bryce and Ingersoll, Kyle and DeFranco, Patrick and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2016-3675},
      month = jun,
      title = {{UAV} Path-Planning Using B\'{e}zier Curves and a Receding Horizon Approach},
      year = {2016}
    }
    
  34. Moore, K., and Ning, A., “Aerodynamic Performance Characterization of Leading Edge Protrusions on Small Propellers,” AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2016. doi:10.2514/6.2016-1786 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Data]
    @inproceedings{Moore2016,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {Moore, Kevin and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2016-1786},
      month = jan,
      title = {Aerodynamic Performance Characterization of Leading Edge Protrusions on Small Propellers},
      year = {2016}
    }
    
  35. Tingey, E., and Ning, A., “Parameterized Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Wake Model Using CFD Vorticity Data,” ASME Wind Energy Symposium, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2016. doi:10.2514/6.2016-1730 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF] [Code] [Data]
    @inproceedings{Tingey2016,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {Tingey, Eric and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {ASME Wind Energy Symposium},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2016-1730},
      month = jan,
      title = {Parameterized Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Wake Model Using {CFD} Vorticity Data},
      year = {2016}
    }
    
  36. Duffield, M., Ning, A., and McLain, T., “Optimization-Based Path Planning for Separation Assurance on Small Unmanned Aircraft,” AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2016. doi:10.2514/6.2016-2194 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Duffield2016,
      address = {San Diego, CA},
      author = {Duffield, Matthew and Ning, Andrew and McLain, Timothy},
      booktitle = {AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2016-2194},
      month = jan,
      title = {Optimization-Based Path Planning for Separation Assurance on Small Unmanned Aircraft},
      year = {2016}
    }
    
  37. Barrett, R., Freeman, I., and Ning, A., “Effect of Airfoil and Composite Layer Thicknesses on an Aerostructural Blade Optimization for Wind Turbines,” IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability, Ogden, UT, Jul. 2015. doi:10.1109/SusTech.2015.7314346 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Barrett2015,
      address = {Ogden, UT},
      author = {Barrett, Ryan and Freeman, Ian and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability},
      doi = {10.1109/SusTech.2015.7314346},
      month = jul,
      title = {Effect of Airfoil and Composite Layer Thicknesses on an Aerostructural Blade Optimization for Wind Turbines},
      year = {2015}
    }
    
  38. Tingey, E., Thomas, J., and Ning, A., “Wind Farm Layout Optimization Using Sound Pressure Level Constraints,” IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability, Ogden, UT, Jul. 2015. doi:10.1109/SusTech.2015.7314339 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Tingey2015,
      address = {Ogden, UT},
      author = {Tingey, Eric and Thomas, Jared and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability},
      doi = {10.1109/SusTech.2015.7314339},
      month = jul,
      title = {Wind Farm Layout Optimization Using Sound Pressure Level Constraints},
      year = {2015}
    }
    
  39. Thomas, J., Tingey, E., and Ning, A., “Comparison of Two Wake Models for Use in Gradient-Based Wind Farm Layout Optimization,” IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability, Ogden, UT, Jul. 2015. doi:10.1109/SusTech.2015.7314347 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Thomas2015,
      address = {Ogden, UT},
      author = {Thomas, Jared and Tingey, Eric and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability},
      doi = {10.1109/SusTech.2015.7314347},
      month = jul,
      title = {Comparison of Two Wake Models for Use in Gradient-Based Wind Farm Layout Optimization},
      year = {2015}
    }
    
  40. Ning, A., Hayman, G., Damiani, R., and Jonkman, J., “Development and Validation of a New Blade Element Momentum Skewed-Wake Model within AeroDyn,” 33rd ASME Wind Energy Symposium, Kissimmee, FL, Jan. 2015. doi:10.2514/6.2015-0215 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Ning2015,
      address = {Kissimmee, FL},
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Hayman, Greg and Damiani, Rick and Jonkman, Jason},
      booktitle = {33rd ASME Wind Energy Symposium},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2015-0215},
      month = jan,
      title = {Development and Validation of a New Blade Element Momentum Skewed-Wake Model within {AeroDyn}},
      year = {2015}
    }
    
  41. Ning, A., and Dykes, K., “Understanding the Benefits and Limitations of Increasing Maximum Rotor Tip Speed for Utility-Scale Wind Turbines,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 524, No. 012087, The Science of Making Torque from Wind, Jun. 2014. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012087 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Ning2014c,
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Dykes, Katherine},
      booktitle = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
      doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012087},
      month = jun,
      number = {012087},
      organization = {The Science of Making Torque from Wind},
      title = {Understanding the Benefits and Limitations of Increasing Maximum Rotor Tip Speed for Utility-Scale Wind Turbines},
      volume = {524},
      year = {2014}
    }
    
  42. Gray, J., Hearn, T., Moore, K., Hwang, J., Martins, J., and Ning, A., “Automatic Evaluation of Multidisciplinary Derivatives Using a Graph-Based Problem Formulation in OpenMDAO,” 15th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, Atlanta, GA, Jun. 2014. doi:10.2514/6.2014-2042 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Gray2014,
      address = {Atlanta, GA},
      author = {Gray, Justin and Hearn, Tristan and Moore, Kenneth and Hwang, John and Martins, Joaquim and Ning, Andrew},
      booktitle = {15th {AIAA/ISSMO} Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2014-2042},
      month = jun,
      title = {Automatic Evaluation of Multidisciplinary Derivatives Using a Graph-Based Problem Formulation in {OpenMDAO}},
      year = {2014}
    }
    
  43. Dykes, K., Ning, A., King, R., Graf, P., Scott, G., and Veers, P., “Sensitivity Analysis of Wind Plant Performance to Key Turbine Design Parameters: A Systems Engineering Approach,” 32nd ASME Wind Energy Symposium, National Harbor, Maryland, Jan. 2014. doi:10.2514/6.2014-1087 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Dykes2014,
      address = {National Harbor, Maryland},
      author = {Dykes, Katherine and Ning, Andrew and King, Ryan and Graf, Peter and Scott, George and Veers, Paul},
      booktitle = {32nd {ASME} Wind Energy Symposium},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2014-1087},
      month = jan,
      title = {Sensitivity Analysis of Wind Plant Performance to Key Turbine Design Parameters: A Systems Engineering Approach},
      url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-1087},
      year = {2014}
    }
    
  44. Ning, A., Damiani, R., and Moriarty, P., “Objectives and Constraints for Wind Turbine Optimization,” 31st ASME Wind Energy Symposium, Grapevine, TX, Feb. 2013. doi:10.2514/6.2013-201 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Ning2013,
      address = {Grapevine, TX},
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Damiani, Rick and Moriarty, Patrick},
      booktitle = {31st ASME Wind Energy Symposium},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2013-201},
      month = feb,
      read = {1},
      title = {Objectives and Constraints for Wind Turbine Optimization},
      year = {2013}
    }
    
  45. Kless, J., Aftomis, M., Ning, A., and Nemec, M., “Inviscid Analysis of Extended Formation Flight,” 7th International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, Big Island, Hawaii, Jul. 2012. [BibTeX] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Kless2012,
      address = {Big Island, Hawaii},
      author = {Kless, James and Aftomis, Mike and Ning, Andrew and Nemec, Marian},
      booktitle = {7th International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics},
      month = jul,
      title = {Inviscid Analysis of Extended Formation Flight},
      url = {http://www.iccfd.org/iccfd7/assets/pdf/papers/ICCFD7-4306_paper.pdf},
      year = {2012}
    }
    
  46. Xu, J., Ning, A., Bower, G., and Kroo, I., “Aircraft Route Optimization for Heterogeneous Formation Flight,” 53rd AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, Apr. 2012. doi:10.2514/6.2012-1524 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Xu2012,
      address = {Honolulu, Hawaii},
      author = {Xu, Jia and Ning, Andrew and Bower, Geoffery and Kroo, Ilan},
      booktitle = {53rd {AIAA} Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2012-1524},
      month = apr,
      title = {Aircraft Route Optimization for Heterogeneous Formation Flight},
      url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1524},
      year = {2012}
    }
    
  47. Ning, A., and Kroo, I., “Compressibility Effects of Extended Formation Flight,” 29th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, Jun. 2011. doi:10.2514/6.2011-3812 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Ning2011a,
      address = {Honolulu, Hawaii},
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Kroo, Ilan},
      booktitle = {29th {AIAA} Applied Aerodynamics Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2011-3812},
      month = jun,
      title = {Compressibility Effects of Extended Formation Flight},
      url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-3812},
      year = {2011}
    }
    
  48. Ning, A., Flanzer, T., and Kroo, I., “Aerodynamic Performance of Extended Formation Flight,” 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Orlando, Florida, Jan. 2010. doi:10.2514/6.2010-1240 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Ning2010a,
      address = {Orlando, Florida},
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Flanzer, Tristan and Kroo, Ilan},
      booktitle = {48th {AIAA} Aerospace Sciences Meeting},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2010-1240},
      month = jan,
      title = {Aerodynamic Performance of Extended Formation Flight},
      url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-1240},
      year = {2010}
    }
    
  49. Ning, A., and Kroo, I., “Tip Extensions, Winglets, and C-Wings: Conceptual Design and Optimization,” 26th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 2008. doi:10.2514/6.2008-7052 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @inproceedings{Ning2008,
      address = {Honolulu, Hawaii},
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Kroo, Ilan},
      booktitle = {26th {AIAA} Applied Aerodynamics Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2008-7052},
      month = aug,
      title = {Tip Extensions, Winglets, and C-Wings: Conceptual Design and Optimization},
      url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-7052},
      year = {2008}
    }
    
  50. Chipman, D., Ning, A., and Allred, D., “Intermediate Martian Atmospheric Study and Demonstrator,” SpaceOps 2006 Conference, Rome, Italy, Jun. 2006. doi:10.2514/6.2006-5942 [BibTeX] [DOI]
    @inproceedings{Chipman2006,
      address = {Rome, Italy},
      author = {Chipman, Donovan and Ning, Andrew and Allred, David},
      booktitle = {{SpaceOps} 2006 Conference},
      doi = {10.2514/6.2006-5942},
      month = jun,
      title = {Intermediate Martian Atmospheric Study and Demonstrator},
      url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-5942},
      year = {2006}
    }
    

Textbooks

  1. Martins, J. R. R. A., and Ning, A., Engineering Design Optimization, Cambridge University Press, Jan. 2022. doi:10.1017/9781108980647 [BibTeX] [DOI] [PDF]
    @book{Martins2020,
      author = {Martins, Joaquim R. R. A. and Ning, Andrew},
      doi = {10.1017/9781108980647},
      isbn = {9781108833417},
      month = jan,
      publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
      title = {Engineering Design Optimization},
      year = {2022}
    }
    
  2. Ning, A., Dykes, K., and Quick, J., “Systems Engineering and Optimization of Wind Turbines and Power Plants,” Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation - Volume 2: Turbine and System, pp. 235–292, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, Nov. 2019. doi:10.1049/PBPO125G_ch7 [BibTeX] [DOI]
    @incollection{Ning2019,
      author = {Ning, Andrew and Dykes, Katherine and Quick, Julian},
      booktitle = {Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation - Volume 2: Turbine and System},
      chapter = {7},
      doi = {10.1049/PBPO125G_ch7},
      isbn = {9781785615221},
      month = nov,
      pages = {235--292},
      publisher = {The Institution of Engineering and Technology},
      title = {Systems Engineering and Optimization of Wind Turbines and Power Plants},
      year = {2019}
    }
    
  3. Ning, A., Flight Vehicle Design, Jan. 2019. [BibTeX] [PDF]
    @book{Ning2019book,
      author = {Ning, Andrew},
      month = jan,
      title = {Flight Vehicle Design},
      year = {2019}
    }
    

Technical Reports

  1. Dykes, K., Platt, A., Guo, Y., Ning, A., King, R., Parsons, T., Petch, D., Veers, P., and Resor, B., Effect of Tip-Speed Constraints on the Optimized Design of a Wind Turbine, Golden, CO, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oct. 2014. [BibTeX] [PDF]
    @techreport{Dykes2014a,
      address = {Golden, CO},
      author = {Dykes, Katherine and Platt, Andy and Guo, Yi and Ning, Andrew and King, Ryan and Parsons, Taylor and Petch, Derek and Veers, Paul and Resor, Brian},
      institution = {National Renewable Energy Laboratory},
      month = oct,
      number = {{NREL/TP}-5000-61726},
      title = {Effect of Tip-Speed Constraints on the Optimized Design of a Wind Turbine},
      year = {2014}
    }
    
  2. Dykes, K., Ning, A., King, R., Graf, P., Scott, G., and Veers, P., Sensitivity Analysis of Wind Plant Performance to Key Turbine Design Parameters: A Systems Engineering Approach, Golden, CO, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Feb. 2014. [BibTeX] [PDF]
    @techreport{Dykes2014b,
      address = {Golden, CO},
      author = {Dykes, K. and Ning, A. and King, R. and Graf, P. and Scott, G. and Veers, P.},
      institution = {National Renewable Energy Laboratory},
      month = feb,
      number = {{NREL/CP}-5000-60920},
      read = {1},
      title = {Sensitivity Analysis of Wind Plant Performance to Key Turbine Design Parameters: A Systems Engineering Approach},
      year = {2014}
    }
    
  3. Ning, A., “Aircraft Drag Reduction through Extended Formation Flight,” PhD thesis, Stanford University, 2011. [BibTeX] [PDF]
    @phdthesis{Ning2011b,
      author = {Ning, Andrew},
      month = aug,
      school = {Stanford University},
      title = {Aircraft Drag Reduction through Extended Formation Flight},
      year = {2011}
    }
    
  4. Ning, A., “Creation of an Intermediate Environment and Utilizing Switchable Microwave Absorbent Material to Aid in Performing Work on Mars,” Undergraduate Honors Thesis, Brigham Young University, 2006. [BibTeX]
    @mastersthesis{Ning2006,
      author = {Ning, Andrew},
      month = aug,
      school = {Brigham Young University},
      title = {Creation of an Intermediate Environment and Utilizing Switchable Microwave Absorbent Material to Aid in Performing Work on Mars},
      type = {Undergraduate Honors Thesis},
      year = {2006}
    }